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67th Congress \ SENATE /Document
- Session J \ No. 8
3fi 952
.S83
Copy 1
THE STRUGGLE OF
THE IRISH PEOPLE
ADDRESS TO THE
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
Adopted at the January Session
OF Dail Eireann, 1921
2|~ZU^?5"
PRESENTED BY MR. BORAH
May 2, 1921. — Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations
and ordered to be printed
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
^
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
To the elected Representatives of the people of the United States oj
America:
We, the elected representatives of Ireland, recognizing in you the
elected Representatives in Congress of the people of the United States
of America, our brethren in the common effort to hasten the day
when the nations may dwell together in justice and in harmony, have
the honor to greet and to address you.
1. We feel certain that the struggle of our people — the people of
Ireland — against the aggression of England is not passing unob-
served by you. We covet your esteem as we would value your
sympathy and support and fearful least you be misled by the wide-
spread, persistent, and insidious propaganda of falsehood through
which England seeks to create prejudice against us — distorting the
character of the contest, we hasten to lay before you facts, so that
correctly informed you may be able to judge justly.
2. The nation which we represent enjoyed for over a thousand
years the life of an independent sovereign State among the States of
Europe. Then a neighboring nation — England — which had received
the benefits of civilization and education first from our hands, lost to
gratitude and honor and burning with lust for our possessions, burst
in upon us as a conscienceless invader, and through the course of
many generations strove to subvert our polity, annihilate our language
and our culture, suppress our industry, ruin our agriculture, steal
our trade and our commerce, deprive us of the advantages of our
geographical position, cut us off from our ancient intercourse with
other peoples, rob our revenues, and erase our name from the roll of
nations.
3. Failing to achieve these ends after centuries of criminal effort,
this nation entered into solemn treaties acknowledging our national
independence and contracting to respect it for all time, but this meant
merely until our national defenses were dismantled. Then treaties
and contracts were treated as scraps of paper and the compact
treacherously and bloodily violated.
4. All the resources of a powerful and ruthless tyranny have been
employed since in a desperate attempt to utterly destroy us as a
nation. In the course of little over a century we have been robbed
of wealth amounting to an empire's ransom, whilst within living mem-
ory a population of eight and a half millions which, with the normal
rate of increase, would have given us to-day a population of some
seventeen millions, has been reduced by enemy acts to four millions —
a crime unique among civilized nations. Our island is surpassingly
fertile, generously endowed by nature with every advantage and
facility for industry, for trade, and for commerce, capable of support-
ing in happiness and prosperity twenty millions of souls, yet only
last year it was publicly declared by the official head of the usurping •
3
4 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
English Government that it was the considered pohcy of that Govern-
ment to banish from our country the young and strong — the flower
of the four millions that yet remain.
5. The Irish people have consistently resisted this infamous
tyranny to the utmost of their power. Almost every generation
has witnessed at least one armed uprising, and when the people
were too weak to resist in arms they never ceased to make clear
their hatred of the rule of the foreigner. Their oppressor's declara-
tions that the national sentiment of Ireland is guilty of "disloyalty"
to English rule has been a constant acknowledgment of this attitude.
The attitude and the desire of the present generation has been made
manifest beyond question.
6. On December 14, 1918, mindful of the principles professed by
the Government of England during the Great War and seeing in the
application of these principles a ready and a just means of arriving
at a peaceful and final settlement of their own centuried struggle, the
Irish people declared by an overwhelming majority at the polls for
an independent Irish republic.
7. Acting on the mandate thus expressly given by this national
plebiscite, carried out under the forms and laws prescribed by Eng-
land herself, the people's elected representatives assembled on Janu-
ary 21, 1919, formally proclaimed the nation's independence and
declared the republic of Ireland duly established.
8. This legitimate application of the principle of national self-
determiination, this peaceful and orderly exercise of their moral and
democratic right by the Irish people, was met by the British Govern-
ment with an immediate and murderous exercise of brutal force.
Troops and engines of destruction that for four years had been en-
gaged on the Continent of Europe in the cause of the rights of small
nations, it was said, and the fundamental principles of democracy,
were rushed to Ireland and used to trample on those very rights and
to strangle that very principle in the name of which they had been
enrolled and employed.
9. The reign of intensified military terrorism that was thus insti-
tuted, although rigorously persisted in, did not intimidate the voters
at the ensuing municipal and rural elections for local governing
bodies. The homes of the people were raided systematically by day
and by night, individual electors were murdered by bayonet and
bullet, men were taken by the thousand and dragged off to English
jails, the fears of the women and children were mercilessly play^ed
upon, but the terror failed. The year, instead of weakening, in-
creased the strength of the Irish people's determination, and the
republican representation showed an increase of 15 p6r cent on the
previous elections though the system of ''proportional representa-
tion" had been applied with the express design of reducing it.
10. To this further peaceful and constitutional action on our part,
the foreign usurping Government, replied with a still fiercer and more
vicious brutality.
11. The national, political, cultural, and industrial associations of
the people were proscribed, and membership deemed a crime. The
right of public assembly was abolished and the press gagged. The
elected representatives of the nation were declared a criminal body.
All of their number with two exceptions were seized from time to
time and imprisoned in English jails where two have already met
their deaths.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 5
12. For over two years the people of Ireland bore patiently these
ever-increasing burdens and persecutions without committing a single
act of violence, either in self-defense or in reprisal. In that period,
thousands were torn from their homes and cast into prison, many
died as a result of prison treatment, and seven unarmed citizens were
willfully murdered by the armed agents of the English Government,
which openly incited the murders and encouraged the murderers with
rewards and promotion.
13. But this patience of the people at last became exhausted.
Abandoned, as it seemed, by the world, they turned to defend them-
selves as best they could. The British Government then put aside
every restraint of civilization and deliberately resolved to proceed
without regard for life or property. So vile was the policy projected
that their regular troops could not be relied upon to carry it out.
The ex-convict from the jails, however, and the degenerate back from
the trenches, in whose breast the savagery of the late war had ex-
tinguished the last sparks of humanity, could be depended upon to
have few qualms in dealing with their victims, and to cause little
embarrassment to those in high authority amongst their employers
by any nice regard for nominal discipline. A special force of these
fiends was accordingly embodied. Allured by the prospect of an easy
prey and unlimited loot, they were gathered together from every
corner of Britain, and operating with the whole British Army in their
rear as a cover and a protection, they were let loose upon an un-
armed and defenseless populace.
14. An orgy of murder and robbery began. Neither age nor sex nor
profession was respected. Old men of 80 and little children of 8,
sick and crippled boys, mothers and wives, even anointed ministers
of God, were indiscriminately murdered — the breadwinner before the
eyes of his family and the mother with the child at her breast at the
cottage door. Houses, offices, workshops, factories and creameries
were plundered and destroyed. Towns and villages were sacked and
burned down. The home of the farmer and the home of the artisan,
the shop, the store, the office were looted and given to the flames.
15. Whole districts were devastated and the produce destroyed in
the hope of famishing the population. Individual citizens were held
up at the point of the revolver or bayonet and robbed on the public
streets, and wlule these outrages were being perpetrated every act of
self-defense on the part of tfie victims was advertised by English
propagandists as a crime, and the murderers and robbers proclaimed
champions of law and order.
16. At the present moment these abominations continue unabated.
The English Government's jails are being filled with our countrymen,
some of whom have been murdered therein, and others put to the
torture. New capital offenses are being created. The simple pos-
session of firearms is a charge on which several Irishmen have been
executed. Prominent citizens are carried as hostages by English
troops in their military expeditions against our people, and their fives
forfeit if the unit with which they are traveling be molested. The
elected representatives of the nation, the mayors and the presidents of
our municipal and urban councils, the chairmen of our county and
rural councils — all the chief officers on whom devolve the direction of
national and local administration are made objects of special attack,
the uniform purpose being to prevent constructive legislation, and
6 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
to bring our domestic public affairs into chaos. Such, for example,
was the purpose that lately prompted the murder of one lord mayor
of Cork, the imprisoimient till death of another lord mayor of Cork,
and the imprisonment until his health was permanently impaired of
the lord mayor of Dublin.
17. This demoniacal war upon our community is being waged with
no other provocation than our insistence on our national right, and
our faithful adherence to a principle which even the demon's masters
themselves have pretended to serve.
18. The Irish people claim no more than their right as a nation
to determine freely for themselves how they shall be governed. We,
their official spokesmen — their elected parliament and government
call mankind to witness that our people have ever been ready to
welcome peace with England on that just basis.
19. On no other basis is peace possible. We shall not surrender
our national right — nor will force compel us.
Our cause is the common cause of humankind. To that cause we
have pledged ourselves and our people to remain faithful unto death.
You, the representatives of a sister nation, can not, we feel, be
insensible to the issue.
Adopted at the January session of Dail Eireann, 1921.
(Signed :)
Eamon de Valera, president, deputy for East Clare and
East Mayo; Arthur Griffith, deputy for East Cavan
and Northwest Tyrone; James Lennon, deputy for
Carlow County; PaiJ Galligan, deputy for West
Cavan; Brian O'Higgins, deputy for West Clare;
J. J. Walsh, deputy for Cork City; Liam de Roiste,
deputy for Cork City; P. O'Keeffe, deputy for North
Cork; T. Hunter, deputy for North East Cork;
David Kent, deputy for East Cork; John Hayes,
deputy for West Cork; Michael Collins, deputy for
South Cork; Joseph O'Doherty, deputy for North
Donegal; Joseph Sweeney, deputy for West Donegal;
P. J. Ward, deputy for South Donegal; li. J. Mul-
cahy, deputy for Clontarf, Dublin City; John T
O'Kelly, deputy for College Green, Dublin City
Philip Shanahan, deputy for Harbour, Dublin City
Joseph McGrath, deputy for St. James, Dublin City
Michael Staines, deputy for St. Michans, Dublin City;
Thomas Kelly, deputy for St. Stephens Green,
Dublin City; Constance de Markieviz, deputy for St.
Patricks, Dublin City; Eoin MacNeill, deputy for
National University and Derry City; Frank Lawless,
deput}^ for North County Dublin; George Gavan
Duffy, deputy for South County Dublin; Desmond
Fitzgerald, deputy for Pembroke, County Dublin;
John O'Mahony, deputy for South Fermanagh;
Padruig O'Maille, deputy for Connemara, County
Galway; Brian Cusack, deput}^ for North Galway;
Liam Mellowes, deputy for East Galway and North
Meath; Francis Fahy, deputy for South Galway;
J. Crowley, deputy for North" Kerry; Austin Stack,
deputy for West Kerry; Fionan Lynch, deputy for
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 1
South Kerry; Piaras Beaslai, deputy for East Kerry;
Daniel Bucklev, deputy for North Kildare; Art
O'Connor, deputy for South Kildare; W. T. Cosgrave,
deputy for North Kilkenny; James O'Mara, deputy
for South Kilkenny; Patrick McCartan, deputy for
Offaly (Kings County) ; James N. Dolan, deputy for
Leitrim County; M. P. Colivet, deputy for Limerick
City; Cornelius Collins, deputy for West Limerick;
Richard Hayes, deputy for East Limerick; Joseph
McGuinness, deputy for Longford County; J. J.
O'Kelly, deputy for Louth County; J. Crowley,
deputy for North Mayo; Joseph McBride, deputy
for West Mayo; William Sears, deputy for South
Mayo; E. J. Duggan, deputy for South Meath;
Ernest Blythe, deputy for North Monaghan; John
MacEntee,^ deputy for South Monaghan; Kevin
O'Higgins, deputy for Leix (Queens County) ; George
Noble Count Plunkett, deputy for North Roscom-
mon; Henry Boland, deputy for South Roscommon;
J. J. Clancy, deputy for North Sligo; Alex McCabe,
deputy for South Sligo; Joseph McDonagh, deputy
for North Tipperary; James A, Burke, deputy for
Middle Tipperary; P. J. Moloney, deputy for South
Tipperary; Cathal Brugha, deputy for Waterford
County; Laurence Ginnell, deputy for Westmeath
County; James Ryan, deputy for South Wexford;
Robert C. Barton, deputy for West Wicklow; John
R. Etchingham, deputy for East Wicklow.
Appendixes.
Every assertion in the foregoing address is founded upon facts.
The^f olio wing appendixes are intended to cover the more vital.
Appendix A.
DEMOCRATIC FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC.
[Address, pars. 6, 7, and 9.]
I. The National Plebiscite.
GENERAL ELECTION, 1918.
In December, 1918, a general election for parliamentary candidates was held in
every constituency in Ireland. The result of that election was that—
Of the total 101 representatives elected on the popular franchise (that is, excluding
the privileged and duplicated university vote).i
The Republicans secured .- - -. %"";•" i""" 1 '^^
The Irish Parliamentary Party, who wete self-determinationists and did not
oppose the idea of a republic as such, but deemed it at the moment unattainable,
secured „^
The official Unionists secured '^^
The Independent Unionists secured "
1 There were 4 University seats: The National University returned 1 RepubUcan; the DubUn University
returned 2 Unionists; the Belfast University returned 1 Unionist.
8 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
Thus the Republican representatives won in a majority of 2^ to 1 over all other
parties.
The self-determinationists (Republicans and Parliamentarians together) secured a
majority of nearly 3^ to 1 over those in favor of union with England.
Of the total popular vote of 1,519,894, only 311, 210, that is a bare 20 per cent, were
cast for union wdth England.
BY PROVINCES.
In the Province of Leinster, of its 27 members, every one elected with one excep-
tion — and he by a majority of only 54 votes in a poll of 14,766 — was a Republican.
In the Province of Munster, of its 24 members, every one elected with one excep-
tion — and he a self-determinationist — was a Republican.
In the Pro\dnce of Connaught, of its 13 members, every one elected was a Republican.
In the Province of Ulster, of its 37 members, 20 were official Unionists, and 2 Inde-
pendent Unionists. The remaining 15 opposed the connection with England, 10
being Republicans and 5 Parliamentary Nationalists, and so self-determinationists.
BY COUNTIES.
Ireland is divided into 32 counties.
In not one of these counties did the Unionists secure the entire representation.
In only four did they poll a majority.
On the other hand, the Republicans, who polled a majority in 27 counties, secured
the entire representation in 24.
Of the six Irish boroughs, not one returned an entirely Unionist representation.
In only one of the six is the Unionist representation a majority, whereas four of the
Irish boroughs returned an entirely Republican representation.
The Province of Ulster, the attitude of which is so much misrepresented by English
propaganda, has nine counties. In five of these counties the Republicans and self-
determinationists combined polled a majority; in three they secured the entire repre-
sentation.
In no county, even in Ulster, did the Unionists secure the entire representation,
and they obtained a majority in only four. Outside Antrim County, 14 of the mem-
bers elected for Ulster were opposed to the British connection and only 10 in favor
of that connection. In Antrim County alone, which includes the city of Belfast,
did the Unionists secure anything approaching a homogeneous predominance. That
county was allotted as many as 13 representatives. Of these, 12 were Unionists, so
that over one-half of the total popular Unionist representation in Ireland came from
a single county.
This extraordinary degree of unanimity of opinion was registered by the Irish
people despite active interference and aggression on the part of the English forces,
both preceding and during the election.
As can be seen by these figures, the pro-English minority in Ireland is relatively
less than the minority in Schleswdg-Holstein who voted for union with Germany.
Many of the newly established Republics in Europe contain larger minorities in
favor of a continuance of their political relationships of union with the Central Empires
than the minority in Ireland in favor of union with England.
The present coalition government of England was elected by what is regarded as
an almost unprecedented majority, yet the republican government of Ireland can
show as the basis of its right a far greater relative majority. The Coalitionists, includ-
ing the Independent Unionists and the National Democratic Party, secured a vote of
only 39.7 per cent of the total British register, whereas the Irish Republicans secured
50.2 per cent of the total Irish register.
That there was no ambiguity about the issue put to the electors is admitted gen-
erally and borne witness to by the Irish Unionist Alliance — that is, the pro-English
Party in Ireland. In a statement on the 1918 elections this body officially states:
"The general election of December, 1918, was the first occasion when the numerical
strength of Sinn Fein could be officially known, for they contested all the constitu-
encies against the sitting home-rule members. They stood boldly on the issue of an
Irish republic, free from all connections with England, and on that issue swept the
Home Rule Party out of existence."
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 9
II. Confirmatory Plebiscitk.
LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS, 1920.
More than a year after the national plebiscite the elections for local governing
bodies were held. The national issue was again the dominant one, and as the elec-
tions were carried out on the basis of proportional representation, the results are a
trustworthy index of the popular sentiment.
Per cent.
Of the city and urban councils 77.
Of the rural district councils 88. 4
Of the boards of guardians 89. 6
Of the county councils 87. 9
were carried in favor of the republic, give allegiance to Dail Eireann (the national
assembly) and carry out its decrees.
The present British prime minister admitted in the House of Commons in April,
1920—
"If you ask the people of Ireland what they would accept, by an emphatic majority
they would say: 'We want independence and an Irish republic' There is absolutely
no doubt about that. The elected representatives of Ireland now by a clear, definite
majority have declared in favor of independence."
Appendix B.
DEPOPULATION OF IRELAND.
[Address, par. 4.]
The depopulation of Ireland during the last three-quarters of a century is without
parallel anywhere in the civilized world.
The following table indicates:
1. The growth of Ireland's population during a comparatively peaceful period,
although one marked by frequent famines and increasing emigration.
2. The striking depopulation of a later period in which famine and emigration
were intensified and accompanied by coercion and eviction.
Total population and population per square mile.
England and Wales.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Year.
Total
population.
Population
per square
mile.
Total
population.
Population
per square
mile.
Total
population.
Population
per square
mile.
1801
8, 892, 536
12,000,236
15,914,148
16,739,136
17,927,609
22, 712, 266
36,070,492
152
206
272
287
308
392
618
1,608,420
2,091,521
2,620,184
2,742,167
2,888,742
3,360,018
4,760,904
54
70
88
92
97
113
160
5,395,456
6,801,827
8,175,124
8,295,061
6,552,385
5,412,377
4,390,219
166
1821
209
1841
251
1845
255
1851
201
1871
167
1911
13f
Thus we see that —
In the period 1801 to 1911 whilst the population of England and Wales was more
than quadrupled, and that of Scotland trebled, the population of Ireland was reduced
one-fifth.
In the period 1845 to 1911 whilst the population of England and Wales was more
than doubled, and that of Scotland almost doubled, the population of Ireland was
reduced by one-half.
To appreciate how unique this appalling record is, one has only to study in compari-
son the population statistics over the same period of the subject nations on the Euro-
pean continent. The liberation of these nations from the oppression of alien rule
was deemed a worthy objective in the great World War.
10
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
Austrian Poland:
1846 4, 461, 400
1913 (increase. 84 per cent) 8, 211, 770
Ireland :
1846 ■ 8, 287, 848
1913 (decrease, 47 per cent) 4, 379, 076
Prussian Poland:
1855 1, 392, 636
1910 (increase, 50 per cent) 2, 099, 831
Ireland :
1855 6,014,665
1910 (decrease, 27 per cent) 4, 385, 421
Russian Poland:
1871 '. 6, 193, 710
1915 (increase, 97 per cent) 12, 247, 600
Ireland :
1871 5, 398, 179
1915 (decrease, 19.7 per cent) 4, 337, 000
Bohemia:
1831 3, 900, 000
1913 (increase, 75 per cent) - 6, 860, 000
Ireland :
1831 7, 767, 401
1913 (decrease, 43 per cent) 4, 379, 076
Finland :
1850 1, 636, 915
1914 (increase, 99 per cent) 3, 269, 401
Ireland :
1850 6, 877, 849
1914 (decrease, 36 per cent) 4, 381, 398
Esthonia :
1856 293, 559
1915 (increase, 54 per cent) 512, 500
Ireland :
1856 5, 972, 851
1915 (decrease, 27 per cent) 4, 337, 000
The misrule of these nations has been a byword, yet had Ireland fared under British
rule as well as these nations under their oppressors her present population would be
about four times what it is. Had Ireland fared as well as Austrian Poland under the
Hapsburgs, for example, her population in 1913 would have been not 4,379,076 but
15,257,888.
The destruction of Ireland's population is even .greater than the above would show,
for, with the exception of Holland, the birth rate in Ireland is the highest in Europe,
as is proved by the following table issued in the year 1910 by the statistical department
of the GoA'ernment of Bavaria:
— The birth rate — Legitimate births (per 1,000 tvomen).
Country.
1876-1885
1886-1895
1896-1905
Country.
1876-1885
1886-1895
1896-1905
German Empire —
268
273
276
267
288
266
246
234
248
239
167
258
265
263
250
259
248
250
224
249
230
150
243
250
259
216
262
251
England and Wales.
Scotland
250
271
250
264
293
244
240
262
229
255
245
236
286
235
231
259
235
246
237
203
235
Bavaria .
Ireland
264
Saxony
Belgium
213
Wurtemburg
Baden
Holland
272
Denmark
Sweden
217
Austria . . ...
Hungary
Norway
Italy
232
Portugal
Finland
Servia
259
France
234
This conclusion is confirmed by the Report of the Proceedings of the London Statis-
tical Society (1906), with the addition that:
"Ireland, * * * among all countries from which figures can be obtained, shows
an increased fertility."
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
11
Apparently, however, the British Government are not satisfied with the destruction
the}^ have already wrought. Lord French, the chief representative of that Govern-
ment, revealed the official mind and the policy it was intended to pursue when in an
interview with the special correspondent of Le Journal, Paris, on January 23, 1920, he
said :
"The main cause of the trouble is that during the last five years emigration has
practically ceased. There are here 100,000 to 200,000 young men between the ages
of 18 and 25 Avho in normal times would have expatriated themselves."
On this plane alone English rule in Ireland stands condemned. John Stuart Mill,
an Englishman, in his Principles of Political Economy, says:
"The land of Ireland, like the land of every other country, belongs to the people
who inhabit it * * * and when the inhabitants of a country leave it 'en masse'
because a Government does not leave them room to live, that Government is already
judged and condemned."
Appendix C.
DESTRUCTION OF WEALTH AND FINANCIAL ROBBERY.
[Address, par. 4.1
(a) Overtaxation.
In 1896 a commission set up by the British Government reported that Ireland had
been taxed since the year 1800 by at least £2,750,000 per year over and above the con-
tribution fixed bv the act of union. (See Report of Financial Relations Commission,
Blue Book, C. 8262.)
In 1896 the Irish revenue contributed was £8,034,000. For the year ending March
31, 1920, the revenue contributed was £50,615,000. England has, therefore, since
she discovered Ireland was overtaxed, multiplied the collection of taxes in Ireland
six times over.
The following table shows how Ireland's taxation was increased since England
annexed the Irish exchequer at the close of the Napoleonic Wars:
Revenue per head.
Ireland.
Encland.
Year ending Jan. 5, 1820...
Year ending Mar. 31, 1920.
£ s.d.
15 5
11 10 7
£ s.d.
3 13
21 19 3
Increase: Ireland, fourteenfold; England, fivefold.
The following table shows Irish revenue and expenditure during the past five
years and the surplus remaining in England's hands after deducting Irish expendi-
ture (see British Official Returns, White Paper No. 163 of 1919, and Nos. 239 and 245
of 1920):
Year ending Mar. 31—
Revenue.
Expendi-
ture.
.Surplus.
1916
£17,929,000
23, 766, 500
26,865,000
37, 275, 000
50, 615, 000
£12, .597, 000
12,686,000
13,002,000
22, 161, 500
29,221,000
£5, ,332, 000
1917
11,080,500
1918
13,863,000
1919
15,113,500
1920
21,394,000
A great deal of the expenditure on alleged Irish services is really paid out to English
manufacturers to whom are allotted all the contracts for supplies for Irish services.
In addition, England pockets the whole of the surplus. The figures for expenditure
also include such items as (for 1920) £3,296,000 for that portion of the army of occupa-
tion known as the police force; £379,500 for the English law courts in the country;
£23,000 for the English lord lieutenant; £42,500 for the English chief secretary in
12 THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE.
Ireland; £328,500 for Enslish prisons in Ireland; .£315,000 for public offices and insti-
tutions situated in England; £39,000 for universities and schools in Great Britain;
and much of the remainder on the 50 extravagant and irresponsible boards which
England has set up to govern the country in England's interests.
(6) Surplus War Taxation.
Over and aliove the overtaxation of £2,750,000 per annum Ireland has paid in the
last six years a sum of £102,033,000 for the war to free small nations. That money
was spent in English munition factories and to raise and equip huge armies, one of
which is now used as an army of occupation in Ireland to murder liberty. The
figures are:
Revenue conlrihided.
Year ending Mar. 31 —
1915 £12, 389, 500
1916 17, 929, 000
1917 23, 766, 500
1918 26, 865, 000
1919 37, 275, 000
1920 50, 615, 000
Total 168, 940, 000
Deduct six years' taxation at 1914 rate, £11,134,500 66, 807, 000
Balance 102, 033, 000
(c) Capital Loss in Population.
One aspect of the depopulation of Ireland during the past half century is that it
represents a loss in capital of at least £3,152,500,000.
The increase in Irish population from 1821 to 1841 is:
Irish population.
1821 6,801,827
1831 7, 767, 401
1841 8,175,124
On the basis of this rate of increase the present population of Ireland should be
17,000,000.
The actual decrease in Ireland's population between 1845 and 1911 is 3,912,000.
The real loss in population is 12,610,000.
This represents a capital loss in money (at £250 per head) of £3,152,500,000.
(d) Loss in Absentee Rents.
Ireland has paid in rents to absentee landlords, mostly resident in England, a sum
calculated at not less than £1,000,000,000.
This sum raised in Ireland and spent outside of Ireland has been a dead loss to the
country.
Summary.
If we add these various sums together:
(a) Overtaxation at two and three-quarter millions per year for 120
years (capital sum only, exclusive of interest) £330, 000, 000
(6) Surplus war taxation..' 102,033,000
(c) Capital loss in population 3,152,500,000
{d) Absentee rents 1, 000, 000, 000
Total 4, 584, 533, 000
We thus find that English domination has cost Ireland during the past 120 years
the almost increditable sum of £4,584,533,000.
The entu-e German war indemnity of £11,300,000,000, payable in 42 years, is cal-
culated to have a present value of £4,032,857,036.
It is thus clear that England during the past 120 years has robbed Ireland, a small
country of 32,000 square miles and a population of some 4,000,000, of a sum exceeding
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
13
by £550,000,000 tlie present value of the entire indemnity which the conference of
the entente allies decided to exact from Germany, a sum which many experts contend
it would impoverish even the great German Empire to pay.
If to the above be added the losses due to the repression of industry and the destruc-
tion of trade by the direct action of Britain, it will be seen that to say: "In the course
of little over a century we have been robbed of wealth amounting to an empire's
ransom" — is literal truth and not a rhetorical exaggeration.
Appendix D.
i. table showing the intensification op british aggression in ireland during
four years.
[Address, pars. 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.]
The following figures showing the actiAdties of England's forces in Ireland are sum-
marized from the reports published in the Irish daily press, which was subject to a
rigorous official British censorship during the five years ending September, 1919,
followed since by a continuous and unrelaxing system of military terrorism:
Murder of Irish citizens
Armed assaults on unarmed civilians..
Raids on Irish houses and institutions
Arrests (political)
Deportation of Irish citizens
Courts-martial
Sen fences on poUtical charges
Proclamations and suppressions
Suppressions of newspapers
1917
1918
1919
7
6
10
18
81
476
n
260
13, 782
3-19
1,107
959
24
91
20
36
62
209
269
973
636
2
32
335
3
12
25
203
1,184
48,474
7,287
705
630
775
203
1 See below.
II. DETAILS FOR 1920.
(a) Outrages on the person:
Deliberate assassinations of representative Irish citizens 69
Murders of prisoners in custody after torture 36
Murders of Irish citizens by indiscriminate firing 98
Civilians wounded by bullet or bayonet 589
Civilians flogged and tortured 185
Armed assaults on unarmed ci\dlians 1, 184
Political arrests 7, 287
Deportation of Irish citizens 705
Courts-martial 63.0
Sentences on political charges 775
Aggregate total of sentences imposed, 613 years 9 months.
(b) Outrages on property:
Raids on Irish homes and institutions 48, 474
Houses deliberately destroyed or damaged 875
Shops deliberately destroyed or damaged 965
Factories deliberately destroyed or damaged 14
Creameries deliberately destroyed or damaged 44
Farmsteads deliberately burned 171
Stores of farm produce deliberately burned 299
(c) Outrages on civic liberty and public property:
Proclamations and suppressions 203
Newspaper offices and printing works destroyed or damaged 12
City and town halls destroyed or damaged 15
Other public halls destroyed or damaged 91
Acts of sabotage by English forces 903
14 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
III. JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1921.
During the first two months, January and February, of the present year there has
been a further intensification of the English terror. Amongst the reported activities
of the English forces in this period there have been:
Murders and assassinations 67
Woundings of unarmed citizens 71
Men and boys tortured . ,. 15
Men and boys beaten with rifle butts 22
Men and boys flogged in the public streets and squares 29
Private houses wholly or partially destroyed 250
Bank wrecked 1
Irish school destroyed 1
Shops wholly or partially destroyed • 62
( dreameries wholly or partially destroyed 4
Public halls wholly or partially destroyed 5.
Towns ' ' shot up " 14
Crops on GO farms burned; many general raids, lootings, and robberies.
IV. BRITISH AGGRESSION IN 1917 AND 191S.
[Address, par. 13.]
In connection with these tables of figures it is well to call attention to the fact that
the English Government alleges that their regime of terror in Ireland is necessary
because of the campaign of crime. An examination of the Irish newspaper files for
the years 1917 and 1918 shows that there was not in these ^'•ears even an alleged cam-
paign of crime. There was but one policeman killed in those two years; he died as
a result of injuries received while leading a baton charge to disperse a peaceful
public meeting. In 1917, 22 of the English assize judges in Ireland found "a re-
markable absence of crime" on their circuits, covering practically the whole area
of Ireland. In 1918, 16 of these judges had the same report to make. Yet during
these two years English people and soldiers carried on a constant and consistent
campaign of aggression to provoke the people into retaliation. Public meetings of
the people were suppressed or dispersed -ftdth batons or bayonets. There were 1,456
people arrested for political offenses, over 100 civilians were tried by court-martial,
1,242 men and women were given savage sentences — as many as 5 years' penal
servitude being inflicted for the reading of a Sinn Fein manifesto — 115 leaders of
nationalist opinion were deported to English jails without charge or trial, 15 national-
ist papers were suppressed, 6 men died as a result of prison treatment, and 7 men
were brutally murdered by English soldiers and police. The murderers were not
only unpunished, but were selected for promotion in the service of their employers.
V._ LIST OF IRISH TOWNS AND VILLAGES RAVAGED BY ENGLISH TROOPS FROM SEPTEMBER
9, 1919, TO FEBRUARY 28, 1920.
[Address, par. 15.]
1919.
Sept. 9. Fermoy, County Cork, sacked.
Nov. 6. Kinsale, County Cork, partially sacked.
12. Cork city partially sacked.
1920.
Jan. 22. Thurles, County Tipperary, sacked.
Feb. 27. Three houses in Dublin wrecked.
Mar. 1. Thurles, County Tipperary, partially wrecked.
7. Several houses in Thurles, County Tipperary, wrecked.
12. Many houses in Cork city wrecked.
22. Many shop windows in Dublin wrecked.
Apr. 26. Kilcommon, County Tipperary, partially wrecked.
27. Many houses in Limerick city vvrecked.
May 13. Houses at Thurles, County Tipperary, fired and bombed.
15. Houses at Bantry, County Cork, wrecked.
28. Kilmallock, County Limerick, sacked.
June 23. Bantry, County Cork, partially sacked.
23. Houses in Limerick city wrecked.
26. Many houses in Bantry, Coimty Cork, wrecked and fired.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 15
1920.
June 27. Fermoy, County Cork, .vrecked.
27. Lismore, County Waterford, sacked.
27. Many houses at Newcastle West, ('ounty Limerick, wrecked and fired.
28. Limerick city partially sacked.
July 1. Newspaper offices at Limerick city wrecked and fired.
6. Residence at Ballylanders, County Limerick, bombed and wrecked.-
15. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked.
16. Houses at Arklow, County Wicklow, bombed and wrecked.
19. Emly, County Limerick, creamery and houses wrecked.
20. Tuam, County Galway, sacked.
20. National Foresters' Hall at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked.
21. Houses at Limerick city bombed and wrecked.
22. Leap, County Cork, sacked.
23. Caltra, County Galway, partially sacked.
30. TJpperchurch, County Tipperary, partially sacked.
31. Tipi>erary town partially sacked.
31. Business premises at Cork city sacked.
Aug. 2. Many houses at Castlerea, County Roscommon, partially wrecked.
5. Doon, County Limerick, sacked.
8. Houses at Kildorrery, County Cork, wrecked, and looted.
12. Sinn Fein Hall at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked.
15. Limerick city partially wrecked.
16. Templemore, ('ounty Tipperary, partially sacked.
17. Creameries at Castleiny. Loughmore, and Killea, County Tipperary, de-
stroyed.
21. Oramuore, County Galway, sacked.
24. Several houses at Dundalk, County Louth, wrecked.
25. Kill, County Kildai*e, wrecked.
26. Creamery at Knocklong, County Limerick, destroyed.
26. Shanagolden. County Limerick, partially sacked.
27. Cobh, County Cork, 'sacked.
Sept. ]. Ballaghadereen, County Mayo, sacked.
2. Inniscarra, County Cork, partially sacked.
10. Tullow, County Carlow, sacked.
18. Several houses wrecked and fired in County Limerick.
19. Several houses at SalthilL County Galway, wrecked and fired.
20. Carrick-on-Shannon, County Lei trim, partially sacked.
20. Balbriggan. County Dublin, sacked.
22. Drumshamljo, County lieitrim, partially sacked.
22. Houses at Tuam, County Galway, and Galway city, wrecked.
22. Ennistymon, County Clare, sacked.
22. Lahinch, County Clare, sacked.
22. Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, sacked.
22. Houses at Galway city wrecked and looted.
24. Newspaper offices and houses at Galway city bombed and wrecked.
25. Several houses at Athlone, County Westmeath, wrecked.
25. Houses at Killorglin, County Kerry, wrecked.
27. Trim, County Meath. sacked.
27. Silvermines Creamery, County Tipperary, burned
27. Fifteen houses in Cork wrecked and bombed.
28. Mallow, County Cork, sacked.
28. Houses in Clonmore, County Carlow, wrecked and fired.
28. Houses in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, wrecked.
28. Drimoleague, County Cork, houses sacked.
29. Gymnasium, Listowel, County Kerry, wrecked.
30. Tubbercurry, County Sligo, sacked.
30, Creameries at Ballyara and Achonry, County Sligo, burned.
30. Houses at Kilshenane, Cashel, County Tipperary, burned.
Oct. 2. Ballinagare, County Roscommon, sacked.
2. Moylett's stored, Galway, wrecked and looted.
8. Farmhouse, Meelick, County Clare, burned.
9. Kildimo, County Limerick, sacked; creamery burned.
9. Mr. Halpin's farmstead, Pallaskenry, County Limerick, burned.
9. Houses in Blackboy Pike, County Limerick, biuTied.
9. Cork City Hall burned.
9. Houses on Ellis's Quay, Dublin, wrecked.
16 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
'1920.
Oct. 13. Clifden, County Galway, partially sacked.
16. Athlone (County We&tmeath) Printing Works and some houses sacked and
burned.
16.- Houses bombed in Dublin.
17. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked.
18. Houses in Tipperary wrecked.
18. Abbeydorney Creamery, County Kerry, burned.
18. Finuge Sinn Fein Hall, County Kerry, burned.
18. Three farmsteads in Kanturk, County Cork, burned.
20. Leap, County Cork, partially sacked.
21. Houses in Newceston and Coolanagh, County Cork, burned.
21. Houses at Cussen Point, County Westmeath, burned.
21. Houses in Tipperary town, wrecked.
22. Bandon, County Cork, partially sacked.
24. Hosiery factory burned in Bandon, County Cork.
24. Houses in Tubbercurry, County Sligo, wrecked.
24. Lixnaw, County Kerry, creamery partially burned.
26. Sinn Fein Hall, Derrylahan, County Westmeath, burned.
27. Houses and farmsteads in Cliffoney, County Sligo, burned.
27. Houses in Skerries, County Dublin, burned.
27. Houses in Galway city burned.
28. Ballintrillick Creamery, County Sligo, burned.
28. Houses in Bandon, County Cork, bombed.
28. Houses in Shrule, County Mayo, burned.
30. Houses and farmsteads, Lecarrow (Feakle), County Clare, burned.
30. Templemore, County Tipperary, sacked.
31. Creamery and farmhouses, Littleton, County Tipperary, burned.
31. Tipperary town sacked.
31. Dungannon, County Tyrone, partially sacked.
31. Tullamore, Iving's County, sacked.
31. County Hall and business houses, Tralee, County Kerry, burned.
31. Creamery and business houses, Ballyduff, County Kerry, burned.
31. Killybegs, County Donegal, partially sacked. ,
31. Edgeworthstown, County Longford, partially sacked.
Nov. 1. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked.
1. Houses in Clara, King's County, wrecked.
1. O'Brien's Bridge Village, County Clare, sacked.
1. Town Hall, Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, burned.
1. Farmsteads at Inch Listowel, County Kerry, burned.
1. Shops wrecked in Thurles, County Tipperary.
1. Houses burned in Dingle, County Kerry.
2. Temperance Hall, Longford, burned.
2. Houses and farmsteads, O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare, burned.
2. Houses in Athlone burned.
2. Nenagh, County Tipperary, sacked.
2. Houses in Auburn, Glasson, County Westmeath, burned.
3. Athlone (County Westmeath), Printing Works burned.
3. Ballymote, County Sligo, partially sacked and creamery burned.
3. Houses wrecked in Roscommon.
4. Tralee, County Kerry, again sacked.
4. Granard, County Longford, sacked.
4. Nenagh, County Tipperary, partially sacked.
4. Business premises burned at Athlone, County Westmeath.
4. Garvagh Hall, County Leitrim, burned.
4. Shannon Vale Creamery, Ballyduff, County Kerry, bui-ned.
5. Houses bombed in Leap, County Cork.
5. Youghal, County Cork, partially sacked.
6. Houses and farmsteads in Coosan, County Westmeath, burned.
6. Derry City, houses homed and destroyed.
1-6. Crops burned in Ballyduff district. County Kerry.
7. Houses wrecked, Ballintubber, County Roscommon.
8. Milford Creamery, County Cork, partially burned.
8. Houses and farmsteads at Gort, County Galway, burned.
8. Technical school, Carnegie Library, and other houses, Tralee, County
Kerry, burned.
9. Carrick-on-Shanuon, County Leitrim, partially sacked.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 17
1920.
Nov. 9. Farranfore, County Keiry, sacked.
9. Ballybrack, County Kerry, sacked.
9. Gortalee, County Kerry, sacked.
9. Houses at Castleisland, County Kerry, burned.
9. Village Hall, Drunisna, County Leitrim, burned.
9. Two public halls, Johnson's Bridge, County Longford, burned.
9. Business and private houses, TuUamore, Kings County, burned.
11. Houses in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked.
11. Houses in Kilmalley, County Clare, biu'ned.
11. Houses in Aljbeydorney, County Kerry, burned.
11. Licensed premises in Longford, wrecked.
13. Tipperary town partially sacked.
13. Creamery and other houses burned at Ballydwyer, County Kerry.
13. Houses at Lisrue, County Clare, burned.
13. Farm produce and houses, O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare, burned.
]5. Houses in Tipperary town destroyed.
15. Houses, Limerick City, bombed.
15. Houses, Cappafarna, County Galway, wrecked.
15. Kilcommon. County Tipperary, "shot iip" and cows mutilated.
15. Houses and farmsteads at Bohercrowe, County Tipperary, burned.
15. Irish College and Cooperative Stores, Cloghaneely, County Donegal, burned.
16. Houses in Tipperary town burned.
16. Houses, Leap, County Cork, burned.
16. Sinn Fein Hall, Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin, burned.
16. Hibernian Hall, Derrylahan, Coalisland, County Tyrone, burned.
17. Ballinamore, Catholic Hall, County Leitrim, wrecked.
17. Houses in Listra, County Clare, burned.
17. Houses in Cloone, County Leitrim, wrecked.
17. Houses in Drumhallow, County Leitrim, wrecked.
17. Houses in Aughavas, County Leitrim, wrecked.
17. Parochial Hall, Fennagh, County Leitrim, wrecked.
17. Farmhouses, Killyfea, County Leitrim, burned.
17. Parochial Hall, Drum^illey, County Leitrim, burned.
17. Parochial Hall, Aughwilliam, County Leitrim, burned.
20. Village of Barna, County Galway, sacked.
20. Houses, Cork City, partially wrecked.
21. Village Hall and Gaelic Rooms, Newry, wrecked.
21. Houses, Tubridmore, County Kerry, burned.
22. Swords, County Dublin, partially sacked.
22. Houses, Barna, County Galway, burned.
22. Boat Club Houses, Carrick-on-Shannon. County Leitrim, burned.
22. Houses, Millstreet, County Cork, sacked.
22. Duhallow Creamery, Nenagh, County Tipperary, burned.
22. Houses, Ballylnngford, County Kerry, burned.
22. Houses, Beltra, County Sligo, burned.
22. Houses, Derrynocheran, burned.
23. Irish College, Enniscrone, Countv Sligo, burned.
24. Houses, Mount-Temple, County Westmeath, burned.
25. Sinn Fein Hall, Pipers' Club and North East Ward Sinn Fein Club, Cork
City, burned.
26. Milford Creamery, County Cork, burned.
27. Many houses, Cork City, burned.
29. Houses, Waterfall, County Cork, burned.
29. 30 houses, Greave's Cross, Coimty Cork, burnea.
29. Houses in Belmont, County Galway, burned.
29. Houses in Kinvara, County Galway, burned.
29. Sinn Fein Hall and other houses. Camp, Coimty Kerry, burned.
29. Houses, Thurles, County Tipperary, bombed.
29. Central Sinn Fein Hall and "Freeman," Dublin, partially wrecked.
29. Sinn Fein Hall, Limerick, burnea.
29. Houses, Ballylongford, County Kerry, burned.
29. Houses in Cork City burned.
30. Many houses in Cork City burned.
30. Boy Scout's Hall, Limerick City, burned.
Dec. 1. Many houses, Cork City, burned,
S. Doc. 8, 67-1 2
18 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1920.
Dec. 1. Houses, <no_o;heon, County Tipperary, burned.
1. Houses, Cahii-civeen, Ooiinty Kerry, wrecked.
1. Killarney, County Kerry, sacked.
2. Houses, Fermoy, County Cork, burned.
2. Houses, Tipperary town, burned.
2. Houses, Glencoole, County Tipperary, burned.
2. Houses, Kilty, County Clare, burned.
2. Houses, Mountshaunon, County Clare, burned.
2. Houses, Camp, County Kerry, burned.
2. Houses, Castlegregory, County Kerry, burned.
3. Temperance Hall, Dunleer, County Louth, v/recked.
3. Village Hall, Geevagh, County Sligo, burned.
3. Village Hall, Gleann, County Sligo, bmned.
4. Houses, Timoleague, County Cork, burned.
4. Houses, Ivilbrogan Hill, County Cork, burned.
4. Village Hall, Finuge, County Kerry, burned.
5. Houses at Race Course, Galway, burned.
5. Houses at Kilbeggan, County Westmeath, burned.
5. Longford town, houses burned.
5. Houses at Castleplunkett, County Roscommon, burned.
5. Houses at MUstreet, County Cork, burned.
6. Houses burned, Kilbrogan Hill, County Cork.
7. Cork city shot up and houses wrecked.
7. Houses at Clonakilty, County Cork, burned.
8. Houses, Tipperary town, wrecked.
8. Houses, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim, burned.
8. Houses, Newton (Oola), County Limerick, burned.
10. Rathcormack, County Cork, sacked.
10. Houses, Granard, County Longford, sacked.
10. Houses, Castlelyons, County Cork, burned.
10. Houses, Cork city, wrecked.
10. Public Hall, Ballingar, Kings County, burned.
10. Houses, Ballinalee, County Longford, burned.
10. Camlough, County Down, sacked.
10. Houses, Newry, County Down, burned.
11. Houses, Grantstown, County Tipperary, burned.
11. Public Hall, Closetoken, County Galway, burned.
11. Large section of Cork city burned.
13. Ballinalee, County Longford, sacked.
16. Houses, vicinity Kilcommon, County Tipperary, burned.
16. Houses, Tipperary town, burned.
16. Houses, Gallery's Cross, County Clare, burned.
16. Houses, Kilfenora, County Clare, burned.
16. Houses, Ballina, County Clare, burned.
17. Houses, Swamlinbar, County Cavan, burned.
17. Houses, Tipperary town, burned.
18. Houses in Tipperary burned.
19. Farmhouses, Rathronan, County Tipperary, burned.
19. Village Hall, Corinshego, County Down, burned.
19. Houses, Sallymount, County Limerick, burned.
20. Farmhouses, Nine-Mile House, County Tipperary, burned.
24. Shops, Castleblayney, County Monaghan, wrecked.
25. ' 'Freeman's Journal " office, Dublin, partially burned.
25. Two creameries and farmhouses, Athea, County Limerick, burned.
25. Houses in Tipperary town burned.
25. Houses in Ballydwyer, County Kerry, burned.
27. Houses, Tipperary town, burned.
28. Houses, Beleek, County Armagh, burned.
28. Cushinstown, Cooperative Hall, County Wexford, partially burned.
30. Houses in Bandon, County Cork, burned.
30. ' 'Freeman" office, Dublin, partially burned.
31. Farm crops burned, Bansha and Kilfeacle, County Tipperary.
31. Houses burned at Cutteen, County Tipperary.
31. Farm crops burned, Kilmoyle, County Tipperary.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 19
1921.
•Jan. 1. Seven lionses and two shops, garage and engineering works, burned at Midle-
ton. County Cork.
^. Temperance Hall at Coosan, County Westmeath, burned.
4. Six houses burned at Meelin. County Cork.
5. Shop at Scariff, County Clare, burned.
6. Two residences and a shop burned at Elphin. County Roscommon.
7. Five houses burned at Camlough, County Armagh.
7. Creamery at Turraree, County Kerry, burned.
8. Tramore, County Waterford, Sinn Fein Hall wrecked.
8. Houses burned at Ballinalee, County Longford.
30. FarmhoiLses destroyed at Gairybawn, County Monaghan.
11. Shop fronts wrecked at Ballina.
13. Shop ])iuued and three houses wrecked at Ballybay, County ^lonaghaii.
13. Shop burned at Kilbeggan. County "Westmeath.
14. Railwaymen's Recreation Hall, Limerick, destroyed.
15. Residence burned at Tnnishannon, County Cork.
17. Two shops biu-ned in ('appawhite. County Tipperary.
18. One shop, six farmhouses, five private residences, and the crops on six farms,
destroyed at Headford, County Galway.
19. Wine and spirit store burned at CuUyhanna, County Armagh.
20. Temporary business premises burned in Tipperary.
20. Shop fronts wrecked at Ballina, County Mayo.
20. One creamery. 1 bank, 2 shops, 4 private re.°idences, 16 farmhouses, and
crops on 20 farms destroyed at Six-Mile Bridge. County Clare. Cattle on
many farms shot.
20. Three shops destroyed in Cork City.
21. Business xjremises burned at Cappawhite, County Tipperary.
21. Farmhouses burned at Clougheleigh, County Tijiperary.
21. Furniture Inuned at Borrisoleigh, County Tipperary.
21 . Crops biuned on farms at Togher, County Tipperary.
21. Residence at Ballinure, County Tipperary, bimied.
23. Crops burned at O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare.
23. Crops burned at C'lonlara, County Clare.
23. Farmhouses, residences, and crops burned at Moate, County Westmeath.
24. Farmhouses burned at Clones, (Jounty Monaghan.
29. Stores and stabling destroyed at Mullinavat, County Kilkenny.
29. Two shops, grocery store, and drapery premises destroyed at Kingwilliams-
town, County Kerry.
30. Destruction of Cullenswood House, Dublin, owned by Mrs. Pearse, mother
of P. H. Pearse and W. Pearse, executed in 1916.
30. Farmhouse burned at Lenenagh, County Cork.
31. Hotel bombed in Galway City.
31. Farmhouses burned at Knockfuro. ( 'ounty Tipperary.
Feb. 1. Two business premises burned in Castleisland. County Kerry.
2. Mahon's Hotel, Galway. fired into and burned.
2. Farmhouses burned at Newport, County Tipperary.
3. House and piiblic hall destroyed at Burgatia, County Cork.
3. Houses destroyed at Ballinalee. County Longford. Crops on one farm
destroyed.
3. Four houses and one shop destroyed at Kingwilliamstown, County Kerry.
3. Three houses destroyed at Ballinahassig. County Cork.
4. One shop destroyed at Kilbrittain County Cork.
4. Two houses and two shops destroyed in New Pallas District, County Lim-
erick.
4. Crops destroyed on four farms at Emly, County Limerick.
6. Houses destroyed at Duncomogue. County Limerick.
7. Several houses wrecked near Pallasgreen," County Limerick.
8. Many houses and farm produce burned at Clareg-alway, County Galway.
8. Houses burned in Ballinagh, County Cavan.
9. Houses and farmsteads burned in Emly, County Limerick.
9. Shop and crops on three farms destroyed at Bonlahy, County Longford.
9. Three farmsteads burned at Emly, County Limerick.
11. Eleven houses destroyed by fire in Abbeydorney, County Kerry.
12. Farm produce burned at Kanturk, County Cork".
12. Houses and farm produce burned at Abbeydorney.
12. Crops on five farms destroyed, at Killenaule, County Tipperary.
20 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1921.
Feb. 14. Five houses destroyed by fire near Thurles, County Tipperary.
16. House destroyed at Douglas, County Cork.
17. Crops burned near Ennistymon, County Clare.
17. Gaelic Hall wrecked in Wexford town.
18. House in lialbriggan. County Dublin, burned.
19. House and Irish school burned in Cromogue, County We.xford.
22. Public hall de^^troyed in Tralee, County Kerry.
22. Public hall destroyed in Downpatrick, County Down.
23. Ten houses and a public hall burned in Rosslea and Teemore, County
Fermanagh.
23. Farm houses burned near Xenagh. County Tipperary.
24. Several houses and shops and a public hall wrecked in Donegal town.
24. Several houses and business premises burned in Mountcharles, County
Donegal.
24. Twenty houses, including a creamery and business premises and private
houses, destroyed by fire at Ballylongford, County Kerry.
25. Inver Creamery and Cooperative Stores. County Donegal, destroyed by fire.
28. Two farm houses and stores of farm produce burned at Lissycasey. County
Clare.
VI. LIST OF 270 IRISH CITIZENS MURDERED BY THE ENGLISH FORCES IN IRELAND
DURING THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 1920, TO FEBRUARY 28, 1921, ALONE.
This list does not include any casualties sustained by the forces of the Irish Repub-
lican army in action. It includes only the Irish citizens who were deliberately
assassinated by special bands of murderers employed by the English Government
or who were wantonly shot down or bayoneted whilst walking on the streets or
employed on their daily work.
1920.
Jan. 20. Michael Darcy, Cooraclare, (.'ounty Clare, while working in a field was
fired on by police. Running for shelter, he fell into a river, pursued by
the police, who fired at the spot where he sank and also on his would-be
rescuers.
Feb. 2. Robert O'Dwyer, Limerick city, shot dead in his own shop by soldiers
firing indiscriminately in the streets.
2. Miss Helen Johnson, Limerick city, shot dead while on her way home by
soldiers firing indiscriminately in the streets.
12. James O'Brien, Rathdrum, County Wicklow, shot dead by police while
conversing with a friend in the latter 's door.
Mar. 20. Alderman Thomas MacCurtain, lord mayor of Cork, shot dead in the
presence of his wite and young family by disguised police who entered his
house at midnight.
22. Miss Ellen Hendrick, Dublin city, shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers
who broke barracks and fii'ed indiscriminately in the streets.
22. Michael Cullen, Dublin city, shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers, who
broke barracks and fired indiscriminately in the streets.
27. James McCarthy, Thurles, County Tipperary, shot dead in his home b.y
disguised police. His brother, Mr. Michael McCarthy, a Republican
member of Thurles Urban Council, had demanded an inquiry into police
rioting in the town.
28. Thomas O'Dwyer, Bouladuff, County Tipperary, a prominent volunteer,
shot dead in his house in presence of his sister by disguised police against
whom the coroner's jury returned a verdict of willful murder.
Apr. 14. James O'Loughlin, Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, shot dead when police
and military fired on crowd singing round a bonfire to celebrate release
of hunger-striking prisoners from Mountjoy jail.
14. Patrick Hennessy, IVIiltown-Malbay, County Clare, shot dead under similar
circumstances.
14. Thomas O'Leary, shot dead under similar circumstances. (At the coroner's
inquiry the jury returned a verdict of willful murder against police and
soldiers, named in evidence.)
14. Patrick Dowling, railwayman, Arklow, County Wicklow, shot dead by a
riotous party of soldiers, who broke barracks and fired indiscriminately
in the streets.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 21
1920.
Apr. 17. Thomas MulhoUand, Dundalk, County Louth, prominent Sinn Feiner,
was without provocation shot down in the street by a police patrol.
May 18. James Saimders, Limerick city, shot dead by police, who opened fire on
pedestrians in the public streets without warning and without provocation.
June 6. Michael Walsh (13^ years), Cappoquin, County Waterford, killed by inili-
tary motor lorry willfully driven into a group of people in the village
street.
8. Thomas Brett, Drombane, County Tipperary, mortally wounded by a
British officer who fired at him in the public road without warning.
25. Cornelius Crowley, Bantry, County Cork, a cripple bed-ridden boy, shot
dead in his bed by police who broke into his house.
July 1. Miss M. Counihane, Limerick city, fatally injured by police when escaping
from her home in the offices of the Republican newspaper, the Munster
News, into which the police at midnight had thrown bombs and petrol,
firing and wrecking the premises.
4. Richard Lumley, Rearcross, County Tipperaiy, aged 60, a half-witted man,
returning from a wake in the early morning, shot dead by police and mili-
tary without warning.
4. Michael Small, LTpperchurch, County Tipperary, shot dead without warn-
ing, by troops and police. At the inquest the British military authorities
refused to produce officer in charge of firing party.
5. James Dunne, Ballinatray, Courtown Harbour, County Wexford, shot dead _
in Ferns village by a policeman with whom he refused to drink, and who
sought to pick a quarrel with him.
8. Thomas Feery (aged 70), Ballycommon, Kings County, shot dead mthout
warning, by military who fired into his house riddling the old man's body.
18. James Burke, an ex-soldier of Cork city, bayonetted in the stomach by
military, while halted with his hands above his head.
18. William ^IcGrath, an ex-soldier of Cork, mortally wounded during promis-
cuous firing by soldiers and police on imarmed civilians in the streets.
19. John O'Brien, aged 18, shot dead in Cork city while assisting an old lady
who was woimded during promiscuous firing in the streets by soldiers.
21. Daniel McGrath, aged 18 years, one of a social gathering at Coracunna
Cross, County Cork, which dispersed in terror on a shot being fired from
a military lorry. McGrath was shot dead when running for cover.
21. Thomas McDonnell shot dead under similar circumstances.
21. James (^ogan, Oldcastle, County Meath, a Republican policeman, escorting
a noted cattle stealer who had been arrested, shot dead by military on
failing to obey order to halt.
29. James Duggan, aged 10, Bruree, County Limerick, shot dead by fire from
military" motor lorries directed against pedestrians as a reprisal for an at-
tempted ambush of a military patrol four hours previously.
29. Thomas Harris, Bruree, County Limerick, an epileptic and confirmed
invalid, shot dead in his house by military after he had obeyed their
order to put his hands up.
30. James O' Sullivan, Da^ds Street, Limerick, mortally wounded in his house
as a result of police throwing bombs into and wrecking an adjoining house
at 2 a. m.
31. James Mulcahy, Nicker, County Limerick, shot dead by military patrol
who broke into his house. The coroner's jiuy returned a verdict that
"James Mulcahy was willfully and foully murdered without provocation
by military. "
Auo-. 8. William Hartnett, Emly, County Limerick, shot dead without challenge
or warning by police patrol.
10. Thomas Farrelly, aged 20, Marys Lane, Dublin, shot dead without chal-
lenge or warning by military at 12.30 a. m. while sitting with others
around the embers of a bonfire lit in celebration of the arrival of the
Most Re\'. Dr. Mannix.
14. Patrick Lynch (48), Hospital, County Limerick, taken from his home by
militarv and shot dead in the road.
15. Edward Paget, Limerick city, attacked without provocation in the People's
Park by police and savagely beaten. Collapsed on reaching home and
died following day without regaining consciousness.
16. John O'Connell, Derrygallon, Coujity Cork, shot dead by military and
police from whom he endeavored to escape when they came to arrest
him at his own house.
22 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1920.
Aug. 17. Andred Hayes, Tipperary town, overtaken by police on his way home and
shot dead without challenge or warning.
17. Patrick Clancy, Derrygallon, County Cork, bayoneted while in custody
of military, who, when he was mortally wounded, jumped on him, break-
ing several of his ribs.
20. Patrick Kennedy, Annascaul, County Kerry, shot dead by a military
patrol, who without challenge or warning opened fire on four young men
returning from a funeral.
26. John Hynes (aged 70), Shanagolden, Coimty Limerick, shot dead on his
way home by police who fired promiscuously along the streets.
27. John Buckley, Middleton, County Cork, shot dead while being conveyed
with his brother, to whom he was bound with ropes, in a covered lorry
under an escort of 20 armed soldiers. His brother was dangerously
wounded.
28. George Walker, Queenstown, County Cork, a wounded and crippled ex-
soldier unable to raise his hands rapidly enough when called upon by
military, was promptly shot and after falling was bayoneted.
Sept. 5. Patrick Hegarty, Ballyvourney, County Cork, shot dead when machine-gun
fire was opened from an apparently deserted military motor lorry which
was being viewed on the roadside by a crowd of young people.
5. Michael Lynch, Ballyvourney, Coimty Cork, shot dead when cycling past
an apparently deserted military motor lorry from which machine-gun fire
was opened on a crowd of young people who were viewing it by the road-
side.
8. John Mulvey, Galway city, shot dead by a policeman who opened fire
promiscuously and without warning at Galway railway station.
9. James Quirke, Galway city, shot dead in the street by policemen who
dragged him from his house at midnight.
11. Patrick Gill, Drumsna, County Leitrim, fired upon by a military sentry
while walking on the public road with his sister and a lady friend. Was
bayoneted in the stomach after falling. No challenge to halt was heard.
14. James Connolly (aged 70), Kinlough, County Leitrim, shot dead in his
own house by military who came to arrest his son. Being deaf he did not
hear an order to put up his hands.
16. Joseph Athy, Oranmore, County Galway, when driving to his home with
three companions was fired on without challenge or warning by police
and mortally wounded.
20. J. Ilealy (aged 18), Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, shot dead by a police-
man whose salutation of "Good night" he did not answer.
20. Patrick Harnett, Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, shot dead by a policeman
whose salutation of "Good night" he did not answer.
21. James Lawless (aged 48), Balbriggan, Cotmty Dublin, married man with
eight children, dragged from his home at dead of night by police, savagely
assaulted and shot dead, his body being afterwards shockingly mutilated
with bayonet thrusts.
21. John Gibbons, Balbriggan, County Dublin, brought from his home by
police, beaten witli rifle butts for refusing to give information implicat-
ing others, and shot dead, liis body being afterwards mutilated.
22. John A. Lynch, county councillor, Kilmallock, County Limerick, shot
dead in bed at 3 a. m. in the Royal Exchange Hotel, Dublin City, by
English secret service officers.
22. Thomas Connole, Ennistvmon, County Clare, dragged from his house and
shot by police, his body being then thrown into the flames of liis house
which was fired and destroyed.
22. Patrick J. Linnane, Ennistymon, County Clare, taken from Iris home and
murdered by the police on refusing to give them information.
22. J. Salmon, Ennistymon, County Clare, shot dead in the street by police
during the ■\vi-ecking by them of the towm of Ennistvmon.
22. Patrick Lehane, Lahinch, County Clare, murdered by police during the
burning of the town of Lahinch. The police had pre\iously shot and
seriously wounded this boy's father for refusing to disclose the where-
abouts of his son.
26. John Gaynor, Springfield Road, Belfast, vshot dead in bed at 1.30 a. m., by
police who broke into his house.
26. John McFadden, 54, Springfield Road, Belfast, shot dead at 5.30 a. m.
by police who broke into his house.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 23
1920.
Sept. 26. Edward Trodden, Falls Road, Belfast, shot dead in his house by police who
forced an entry at 2 a. m.
Oct. 2. Hugh Conway, Cuilen, Count)^ Tipperary, when with others leaving a pub-
lic house by order of the military, was fired upon and shot dead.
2. John O'Hanlon, Lackagh, County Galway, shot dead in his own house by
police who told his mother they "were out to kill him."
6. John Clifford (aged 17), Derry City, when walking to his home with his
mother, was fired upon without challenge or warning by a military sentry
and shot dead.
6. Patrick Thompson, Lisnadaragh, county Westmeath, held up on the road
by a policeman, who shot him dead without cause or provocation.
10. Michael Griffin (aged 60), Cork city, being deaf and not hearing a challenge
to halt in the street at 2.40 p. m., was fired upon and mortally wounded
by military.
12. Prof. Carolan, Drumcondra, Dublin, mortally wounded by officers of the
English Army intelligence staff for refusing to give the names of two men
who had escaped from his house.
14. Patrick Carroll (aged 15), Royal Canal Terrace, Dublin, shot dead by mili-
tary and police who opened fire on pedestrians in Talbot Street, Dublin.
14. Joseph Corringham, Lower Gardiner Street, Dublin, shot dead by military
and police, who opened fire on pedestrians in Talbot Street, Dublin.
15. John Connolly, Bandon, county Cork, found buried near the military bar-
racks where he had been a prisoner in custody for 15 days.
15. James Lehane, Ballymakeera, county Cork, taken from the shop where he
worked by police, who shot him dead near his father's house.
16. Peter O'Carroll (aged 58), Manor Place, Dublin, shot dead in his own house
at 2 a. m. by auxiliary police on refusing to disclose the whereabouts of
his sons.
17. Henry O'Kelly, Parnell Square, Dublin, shot dead by military, who had
taken him into custody.
17. Michael O'Rourke, Green Street, Dublin, shot dead by military without
cause or warning when looking on at a raid in Parnell Square.
18. Edward O'Dwyer, Ballydavid, county Tipperary, brother of Francis
O'Dwyer, dragged from his bed and shot dead beside his brother.
18. Francis O'Dwyer, Ballydavid, County Tipperary, dragged from his bed by
officers of the English Army intelligence staff and shot dead outside the
door in the presence of his mother and sisters.
18. Patrick Doyle, Balliiiagare, Castlerea, County Roscommon, taken from his
house by police and shot dead outside the door.
20. Michael S. Walsh, Republican member of Galway city urban council,
dragged from his house by officers of the English Army intelligence staff,
who shot him through the head and threw his dead body into the harbor.
22. Michael Burke, urban councillor, Athlone, County Westmeath, fired upon
in the street by constabulary without cause or challenge and mortally
wounded.
24. Thomas Egam Coshla, Athenry, County Galway, dragged from his house
by police and shot dead in the presence of his wife.
24. Charles Lynch (aged 70), Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, deliberately shot
dead by military who forced an entry into his house.
25. Michael Ryan, Curraghduff, County Tipperary, wliile ill in bed with
pneumonia, shot dead in the presence of his sisters by officers of the
English Army intelligence staff, who forced an entry into his room at
12.30 a. m.
25. William Gleeson, Finaghy, County Tipperary, taken from his house at
3.30 a. m. by officers of the English Army intelligence staff and shot
dead.
26. Daniel Lehane, aged 65, Lahinch, County Clare, shot in the throat by
police on September 22 for refusing to give information as to his son's
whereabouts, died of his wounds.
26. Hugh Moore, Derry City, shot dead in the public street by a military sentry
without warning or challenge.
27. James Sherlock, Skerries, County Dublin, dragged from his home 2.30
a. m. by auxiliary police and shot dead in a field 400 yards from his
mother 's house.
24 THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE.
1920.
Oct. 27. Michael Scanlon, national teacher, Kilmallock, County Limerick, shot
dead in a liouse in which he had taken refuge after escaping from the
police. lie was manacled at the time.
Nov. 1. Mrs. Ellen Quinn (aged 25), Gort, County Galway, a woman within two
months of childbirth, was shot dead by police in a passing lorry while
standing in front of her house, with a baby of nine months in her arms.
There had been no attack on the police and no provocation whatever.
There was no other person in the vicinity.
3. John Conroy, Rathconnor, County Roscommon, taken from his cottage
in the early morning and shot dead by auxiliary police with blackened
faces, who held up his wife and nephews with revolvers and threatened
to shoot Mrs. Conroy if she approached her dying husband.
5. Thomas O'Brien, Nenagh, County Tipperary, taken from a friend's house
at midnight by auxiliary police and placed in a military motor lorry and
murdered by the police.
5. John O'Brien, Nenagh, County Tipperary, murdered by auxiliary police
beside Thomas O'Brien in a military motor lorry,
fi. William Mulcahy, Cork city, shot dead on his way home about 10 o'clock
at night by a military patrol who opened fire on him without challenge
or warning.
8. Miss O'Connell (aged 15), Ardfert, County Kerry, shot dead while standing
at her own door by soldiers who opened indiscriminate fire in the streets.
8. Michael McGuire, Ardfert, County Kerry, arrested in his own home by mili-
tary, piit into a motor lorry handcuffed, and shot dead outside the village.
8. Michael Brosnan, Labourer, Ardfert, County Kerry, who threw doAvn his
tools and ran for cover on approach of military lorries, deliberately fired
upon and shot dead.
8. John Cantillon, Ardfert, County Kerry, shot dead without challenge or
warning by soldiers traveling in a lorry, as he was returning from a doctor
who had treated him for wounds received during indiscriminate firing by
military in the village.
10. Christopher Lucy, Cork city, traced to a house in Ballingeary, County
Cork, by police who forced an entry and shot him dead.
10. Frank Hoffman, a young Protestant farmer. Farmers Bridge, Tralee, County
Kerry, placed against a fence and shot dead by police who suspected him
of being an Irish volunteer officer.
12. John Herlihy,! Ballymacelligot, County Kerry, assistant creamery manager.
12. P. MacMahon,! Ballymacelligot, County Kerry.
12. Thomas Walsh ^ (aged 18), Ballymacelligot, County Kerry.
13. Annie O'Neill (aged 6), Charlemont Avenue, Dublin, shot dead in the
street by military who opened fire promiscuously on some boys and
young men who ran away in fear when the soldiers jumped from their
lorries.
14. Patrick Lynch, Golden, County Tipperary, shot dead by military without
challenge or warning while walking along the road with his wife.
17. Michael McMahon,^ Scariff, County Clare.
17. John Egan,^ Scariff, County Clare.
17. John Connolly. 2 Whitegate, County Clare.
17. Michael Connolly,- Whitegate, County Clare.
17. Patrick Hanley (aged 17), Broad Lane, Cork city, shot dead by a party of
policemen who entered his house during the night.
17. Eugene O'Connell, Broad Street, Cork city, dragged out of bed and shot
dead in the presence of his wife by masked police who smashed their way
into his house at midnight.
18. James Coleman, North Mall, Cork city, called to his door in the early
hours of the morning and shot dead in the presence of his wife by police
who after their victim had fallen wounded fired more shots into him ' ' to
finieh him."
19. Thomas Clancy, Killusty, County Tipperary, deliberately shot by military
who refused to allow his brother to go for a priest and threatened to murder
him also.
1 Killed by military who opened fire on a group of people, who ran in terror when the soldiers in military
lorries dashed up to BallymacelUsot creamery where these people were doing business.
2 Taken prisoner by poUce and butchered 10 hours later on the Bridge of Killaloe, County Clare.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 25
1920.
Nov. 20. Rev. Michael Griffin, B. A., Galway city, a Catholic priest called from his
home on the 14th of November by disguised police who pretended his
services were required for a dying man. His dead body was found buried
in a bog at Cloughskella, near Galway, vdth a bullet wound in his head.
20. James O'Neill,'' Limerick city.
20. Michael Blake, ^ limerick city.
20. Austin Cowley, journalist (aged 63), Navan, County Meath, shot dead by
a military sentry whose challenge he failed to hear.
21. Miss Jane Boyle,* "Lennox Street, Dublin.
21. Jeremiah O'Leary * (aged 10), Blessington Street, Dublin.
21. William Robinson * (aged 11), Parnell Street, Dublin.
21. J. Scott * (aged 14), Fitzroy Avenne, Dublin.
21. O'Dowd,* Buckingham Street, Dublin.
21. James Burke,'* Dundrum, County Dublin.
21. Patrick Travnor,* Clendalkin, County Dublin.
21. Thomas Ryan,* Viking Street, Dublin.
21. James Teehan,* Green Street, Dublin.
21. Michael Hogan,* Grangemockler, County Tipperary.
21. James Matthews,'' Northcumberland Road, Dublin.
21. Michael Feeney,* Gardiner's Place, Dublin.
21. Thomas Hogan,* St. James's Terrace, Dublin.
21. Daniel Carroll,* James 't Street, Dublin.
21. William Cullinane,^ aged 20, divinity student, Claregalway, County Gal-
way.
21. James Conlon,^ Dame Street, Dublin.
21. H. West Barnett, North Circular Road, Dublin, deliberately shot dead at
Mountjoy Square, Dublin, by police who were under the influence of
drink, and who rifled the body.
21. Thomas Lyons, Cappagh, County Mayo, shot dead by soldiers in a passing
liirry as he was going on a message for his father.
21. John McSwiggan, Magherafelt, County Derry, shot dead in the street by
military before he had time to put up his hands in response to a challenge.
22. Richard McKee," Finglas, County Dublin.
22. Peter Clancy," Gloucester Street," Dublin.
22. T. Conor Clune," County Clare.
22. John McCann, Rush, County Dublin, brought from his house by police and
riddled with bullets in a field 30 yards away.
22. Michael O'Reilly, aged 14, Capel Street, Dublin, shot dead by military who
fired ^vithout warning on a grouj) of children gathered round a lorry where
soldiers were raiding houses.
23. Patrick O'Donoghue,^ Cork City.
23. Edward Meehigan,'' Cork City. "
23. Patrick Trahey,^ Cork City.
23. Denis O'Connell, Kildorrery, County Cork, taken from his bed and in the
presence of his family shot dead by police.
24. Michael Moran, Carromeen, Coimty Galway, officer of the Irish Republican
Army, shot dead near Earls Island Military Barracks, Galway, by an
escort of police in whose hands he was an unarmed and laelpless prisoner.
25. Thomas Dojde (aged 22), Dolphins Barn, Dublin, shot dead in his own yard
by auxiliary police who raided his house and arrested his brother-in-law.
25. Denis Carey, Nenagh, County Tipperary, mortally wounded by masked
police who took him from his home during the night.
26. Mortimer Duggan, national school teacher, Broadford, County Limerick,
shot dead by police who rushed into a house where he was playing cards.
3 Returning from Dublin to Limerick after James ONeiU and Michael Blake's brother had been acquitted
by a court-martial of the charge of murdering a policeman, were held up near Limerick Junction by dis-
guised poUce and shot dead. Michael lil i :e (an ex-soldier; was murdered in mistake for his brother,
Patrick, the acquitted man.
< Shot dead when large forces of military opened deliberate and unprovoked fire, which was kept up for
10-minutes, on a crowd of several thousand spectators at a football match at Croke Park, Dublin. Michael
Hogan. a member of the Tipperary team, was shot at the goal post.
5 Ordered to run by miUtary after being "held up" and searched when leaving divine service in St.
Andrew's Cathedral, Dublin; flred upon by the military and mortally wounded.
8 Shot and bayoneted to death wliile confined as prisoners in a guardroom in Dublin Castle; abrasions and
wounds on bodies of McKee and Clancy showed they had been tortured before being kiUed.
' Killed while standing on the street by a bomb thrown from a passing police lorry.
26 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1920.
Nov. 29. Martin Walsh (aged 62), an inmate of Clare Lunatic Asylum, not under-
standing a challenge to halt, wag shot dead by a military raiding party.
30. Sean O'CarroU, Irish teacher, Ardee, County Louth, taken from his house
and shot in the back by auxiliary police. He died in great agony two
hours later.
30. Patrick Tierney, Ardee, County Louth, dragged from his home by auxiliary
police who threw him on a rubbish heap and riddled his head with
bullets.
Dec. 1. Carl Jolinson, Norwegian sailor, mortally wounded by auxiliary police who
opened indiscriminstte fire on the quays in Cork city.
1. Patrick Clancy, Newtowndrangan, County Tipperary, an officer of the
Irish Republican Army, dragged fa-om a friend's house and murdered
on the roadway by a military party.
2. J. Begley,* Bandon, County Cork.
2. James Donoghue,* Bandon, County Cork.
2. James Galvin,* Bandon, County Cork.
4. Joseph Howley, Oranmore, County Galway, member of the Irish republican
army, shot dead by police who were lying in wait for him on arrival at
Broadstone railway station, Dublin. When Howley was shot and bleed-
ing to death the police by prearrangement signaled to a waiting motor
car and drove straight to Dublin Castle.
5. Thomas Hand, Skerries, County Dublin, taken from his bed in the dead of
night by auxiliary police and shot dead in the presence of his crippled
brother and two sisters. Four shot (Were fired into his head and neck.
5. Thomas Rooney (ex-soldier\ Ballyshannon, County Donegal, shot dead by
police who opened fire without warning on a crowd of people in the public
street.
5. Thomas Curtin, Kilrush, County Clare, shot dead by police and military who
surrounded the house in which a republican court was sitting and opened
fire on those who came from the courthouse on the arrival of the lorries.
6. Thomas Louglinane,^ Gort, Coimty Galway.
6. Henry Loughnane,^ Gort, Coimty Galway.
7. John 'Fleming, Cattle Market Avenue, Cork city, died in great agony as
a result of wounds received when, with two brothers and a friend, fire
was suddenly opened on them from a passing police lorry as they Avere
walking along the street at 4.30 p. m.
7. Denis Regan, aged 21, Clashflack, County Cork, arrested by military at
Bandon, County Cork, and taken under heavy escort in a military motor
lorry in the direction of Clonakilty, County Cork. His dead body was
found on the road later with a bullet wound in the back of the head. _
8. Michael J. Murphy, Tower Street, Cork city, shot dead by auxiliary police,
who opened fire on worshippers leaving SS. Peter and Paul's Chiu'ch.
10. Wm. Owens, aged 24, Shankill, County Wicklow; military raided a club
where Owens was playing cards. He, with a number of other young men,
was standing with his hands up when he was shot through the brain.
11. Jeremiah Delaney, Dublin Hill, Cork city, aged 24, a member of the Irish
Republican Array, shot through the heart in the presence of his family by
auxiliary police who forcibly entered his house at 2.30 a. m.
11. James Lawlor, of Inchicore, County Dublin, an engine driver, while going
to his work at Lismore, County Waterford, was shot dead without chal-
lenge or warning by a military sentry.
14. Thomas O'Loughlin, member of the Irish Republican Army, Mullaunbrack,
County Tipperary, mortally wounded by auxiliary police as he escaped
from a house into which the police had forced an entrance. One of them
seized O'Loughlin with the words, "You are the man we want. Come
outside."
15. Very Rev. Canon Magner (aged 73), parish priest of Dunmanway, County
Cork, forced to his knees on the public road, questioned for a quarter of
an hour, and then shot dead by an auxiliary police officer. Auxiliary
police in two lorries were spectators of the murder but did not interfere.
When Canon Magner was killed they threw his body over the bank of a
field and drove away.
8 Shot dead by military patrol whUe walking along the road. Left aU night on the road; found following
morning by civilians.
3 Arrested Nov. 25 by military and police. Their mother informed some days afterwards that her sons
were "safe in prison." On Dec. 6 the dead bodies were found in a pond at Gort, in a shocking state of
mutilation, the flesh being loose and the skulls battered in. Before the bodies had been tiidden in the
pond an effort had been made to burn them.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 27
1920.
Dec. 15. Timothy Crowley, Dunmanway, County Cork, on the same occasion ques-
tioned on the ]>uV>lic road for 10 minutes, beaten in the face -ndth the l)utt
end of revolver, and then shot dead by an auxiliary police officer. Other
police who were witnesses of the murder did not interfere, but helped
to throw the dead body over the bank of a field.
15. John McGowan, Frenchpark, County Roscommon, taken from his lied at
night and shot dead by auxiliary police in the presence of his family.
17. Michael Edmunds, Tipperary Town, taken from his bed by auxiliary police,
who forced their way into his house after midnight and shot him through
the lirain on the hills near by.
18. Cornelius Delaney, Dublin Hill, Cork City, aged 21, member of Irish
Republican Army, mortally wounded by being shot in the stomach and
shoulder by auxiliary police who forcibly entered his house at 2.30 a. m.
on December 11.
18. James Looby,^° Dualla, County Tipperary.
18. Wm. Delaney,'" Rosegreen, County Tipperary.
19. James O'Connor. Killeentierna. Killarney, County Kerry, seized on the road
and taken into a passing police lorry. After traveling some distance he
was pitched out and shots fired into his body. Seriously wounded, he
was removed to a neighboring farmer's house where later he was shot
dead by the police..
19. Laurence Looby, aged 19, a brother of James Looby (see Dec. 18), taken
from a friend's house, which was raided by police, and shot dead outside.
19. Michael Walton," Clonhalty, County Tipperary.
19. Patrick Connors," Clonhalty. County Tipperary.
19. Laurence McDonagh. Aran Islands, shot dead by a party of police who
landed on the islands and fired indiscriminately on the islanders, kill-
ing two men and wounding many. There had been no crime or dis-
order of any kind on the Aran Islands within memory.
20. John Phelan, Ballyroan, County Queens, shot dead by auxiliary pohce-
men after he had wounded and disarmed one of the party who entered
his father-in-law's house at 4 a. m., and demanded money.
21. J. Hynan, Emly, County Limerick, arrested by police and shot dead a
few hours afterwards while in custody.
, 22. Michael McNamara, Doonbeg, County Clare, shot dead at Kilrush, County
Clare, while a prisoner in police custody.
22. W J. Shanahan, West Clare, shot dead while a prisoner in Ennis Jail,
County Clare.
23. Mrs. M. Ryan, Bridge Street, Callan, Coimty Kilkenny, mortally wounded
by being shot at by police. Residents of Callan were ordered by police
to remain indoors and keep their houses closed while the funeral of a police-
man (who was killed in mistake by an English patrol) was passing
through the town, \^'hen the funeral had passed her door Mrs. Ryan
opened it to let out a customer. She was fired on and mortally wounded.
Mrs. Ryan was within two weeks of her confinement.
23. Andrew i\Ioynihan, Rathmore, County Kerry, shot dead on the roadside
by English forces without provocation or warning.
25. John Leen,'- Ballymacelligot. County Kerry.
25. Maurice Reidy,'- I3allymacelligot, County Kerry.
26. James Hickey. Knocknagoshel, County Kerry, assistant in a drapery
establishment in Tipperary Town, shot dead while in custody in Tip-
perary military barracks.
26. Edward Moloney,'^ Bruff, County Limerick.
26. Martin Conway, '^ Bruff, County Limerick.
10 Arrested by military and after 4 days in custody taken as hostage with a motor patrol of military who
were searching the countryside. After the return of the patrol Looby and Delaney were shot dead "in the
lorries.
11 Shot dead by military and pohce who questioned them on the road.
12 Shot dead in the house of Mrs. Byrne, Ballydwyer, County Kerry, by Auxiliary pohce who burst Ln
the door and afterwards set the house on fire.
13 Moloney, Sheehan, Ward, and Quinlan shot dead by police who at midnight raided a dance at Caher-
guillane House, Brufl, County Limerick. Conwny was wounded but crawled four miles from the house
and hid himself in a bog. The police, accompanied by a bloodhound, tracked liim down. Conwav shot
the bloodhound and was then murdered by the police.
28 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1920.
Dec. 26. Daniel Sheehan,''' Bruff, County Limerick.
26. Henry Ward.' ^ Bruff, County Limerick.
26. .TohnQuinlan,'^ Bruff, County Limerick (American citizen).
26. Patrick O'Brien, Aherlow, County Tipperary, shot dead by military on the
roadside as he was assisting a Mend named Denis O'Brien who had been
fired on and wounded by a military sentry without challenge or warning.
28. Michael Smith, Beleek, County Armagh, shot dead in his home by special
constabulary who raided his house.
28. Timothy B. Madigan, Shanagolden, County Limerick, a member of the
Irish "Republican Army, shot dead by a party of police who met him on
the road.
28. Joseph O'Doherty, aged 16, Garvagh, County Derry, shot dead by police
who opened fire on a party of dancers in a school. In a subsequent search
of the place, no arms, ammunition, or seditious literature were found.
O'Doherty did not belong to any political organization and was not a
member of the Irish Republican Army.
29. William Slattery, Emly, County Limerick, shot dead at Rosborough, by a
police guard who were conveying him handcuffed from his uncle's house
at Emly, where he had been" arrested, to Tipperary military barracks.
29. Richard Leonard, Ballybrook, County Limerick, taken from his sister's
house in the early morning and shot dead by police.
1921.
Jan. 1. David Tobin,'^ Ballingarry, County Limerick.
1. Thomas Murphy,'* Ballingarry, County Limerick.
1. John Lawler, clerical student^ Listowel, County Kerry, beaten to death by
police who without provocation set upon him in the street.
1. Michael MacAuliffe, Dysart, Lixnaw, County Kerry, shot dead by police
who opened fire without warning on a party of mourners at a funeral.
3. Jehr. Casey, Derryfinane, County Cork, with some other boys who were
on the road, ran on the approach of military lorries and was shot dead.
3. P. Kennedy, Moneygall, King's County, fatally wounded by police, who
opened fire on mourners at a funeral.
5. Finbarr Darcy, Riverstown, County Cork, arrested by military in the
Imperial Hotel, Cork, at 1 a. m., and afterwards shot dead while a prisoner
in the hands of the military.
5. John MacSwiney, aged 15, AUensbridge, County Cork, ran away on the
approach of a military lorry who fired upon and mortally wounded him
in the stomach.
5. N. D. Prendergast, MacCurtain Street, Fermoy, County Cork, dead body
found on Caryville Island, river Blackwater. Had not been seen alive
since December 2, 1920, when arrested by auxiliary police in a house in
Fermoy.
6. Patrick Durr, Tubberkeigh, County Roscommon, taken from his home at
midnight by auxiliary police and shot dead.
9. Felix Mallin, aged 17, Ballinaliss, County Armagh, fired at without warn-
ing by police and mortally wounded.
10. James Farrell, ex-soldier, of the English Army, Pender Street, Dublin,
shot dead by auxiliary police, who fired indiscriminately in the streets.
11. John Doran, Camlough, County Armagh, a prominent Sinn Feiner, taken
from his home by auxiliary police and shot dead.
13. Miss Martha Nowlan, Connaught Street, Dublin, shot dead by military,
who opened fire without warning in Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
15. Gerald Pring, Cork City, shot dead during indiscriminate firing by police in
the streets.
17. Patrick Sloane.'^
17. Joseph Tormey.'^
18. Thomas Collins, Kilkeel, County Gal way, taken from his home at midnight
and shot dead by auxiliary police.
13 Moloney, Sheehan, AVard, and Quintan shot dead by police who at midnight raided a dance at Caher-
guiUane House, Bruff, County Limerick. Conway was wounded but crawled four miles from the house
and hid himself in a bog. The poUce, accompanied by a bloodhound, tracked him down. Conway shot
the bloodhound and was then murdered by the poUce.
n On running from a house in BaUylanders, County Limerick, on the approach of a military lorry, were
fired upon, .Murphy being shot dead and Tobin mortally wounded.
15 Two members of the Irish RepubUcau army, prisoners in Ballykinlar Camp. Shot dead by a sentry
who fired at them as they were conversing with comrades in an adjoining portion of the camp as they had
obtained permission to do.
I
THE STKUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 29
1921.
Jan. 19. Thomas I>awler, Lyster Lane, Maryborough, County Queens, shot dead in
his own home in the pre.-ence of his family by a policeman.
22. Michael Hoade.^® Caherlistrane, County Galway.
22. James Kirwin,'^ Ballinastack, ( 'ounty Galway.
22. William Wahh,'*^ Headford, County Galway.
23. Richard Ff)ley, aged 15, Cork, shot dead by military while playing in the
street with another l)oy of 15, who was also wounded. The troops opened
fire without warning.
26. James Devaney, chemist, Kilruhane, County Tipperary, shot dead without
warnine: by police as he was leaving a friend's house with two comrades.
27. Michael GaiVey. Belfast, shot dead by police who entered his lodgings
during the night.
27. Francis O'Meara. Laffanbridge, County Tipperary, shot wliile in the
custody of police who had previously battered in his head with rifle butts.
28. William Egerton, Marmion, Lismore, County Waterford, shot dead while
walking to his home by constabulary who opened fire on him without
warning.
28. Thomas R. Blake, Limerick city, held up by English forces and shot out
of hand.
31. Denis Bennett, '^ aged 17, j\IalIow, railway man.
31. D. O'MuUane.i' Mallow, railway man.
31. Patrick Devitt,^" MalloM', railway man.
Feb. 2. Robert Dixon, aged 56, Milltown, Coiinty Wicklow, an English justice of
the peace, shot dead in his house by police who came to loot his house.
3. Michael Farelly. aged 70, Ballinalee. County Longford, shot dead in his
home by auxiliary police. His home and farm produce were then burned
to the ground.
4. Patrick Crowley, Kilbrittain, County Cork, shot dead by police for refusing
to assist in the destruction of his father's shop.
4. John Galvin. hotel proprietor, Listowel, County Kerry, an elderly man,
dropped dead after being compelled by police to repair roads.
5. Daniel Moloney, aged 65, Lislevane. County Cork, shot dead by English
forces as he was passing tlirough a district where raids and arrests were
being carried out.
6. Patrick O'Sullivan, aged 17, Broad Lane, Cork, shot dead by police who
opened fire on pedestrians in the streets.
7. Robert Browne, Ballymacelligot, County Kerry, shot dead when endeav-
oring to escape from English forces who had burned his house some time
previous.
7. William F'itzgerald, aged 4, upper liffey Street, Dublin, shot dead by
military who fired indiscriminately in a Dublin street.
7. Michael J. Kelleher, aged 14, Knocknagree, County Cork, who while play-
ing with other boys of his own age, ran away on the approach of military
lorries and was shot dead. Two other boys , aged 8 and 11 years, were
wounded.
9. Aid. Thomas Halpin,^^ Drogheda, County Louth.
9. John Moran,^* Drogheda, County Louth.
9. Patrick Kennedy, '^ aged 18, Corporation Buildings, Dublin.
9. James Murphy,'^ Killarney Street, Dublin.
11. Daniel Mahony, aged 17, Clondrohid, County Cork, shot dead for failing
to halt when called upon by police.
14. James Coffey,^" aged 19, Bandon, County Cork. '
14. Timothy Coffey,^" aged 22, Bandon, County Cork.
15. Denis Quinlan, aged 50, Hollyford, County Tipperary, shot dead by police,
who fired upon worshippers lea\'ing a church.
20. John Geoghegan, Rural Councillor. Ogolle, Moycullen, County Galway,
taken from his bed and shot dead b}'- auxiliary police.
20. Cecil Donovan, 21 aged 18, Blackwater, County Limerick.
16 Taken from their homes and shot dead by police.
17 Shot dead by English forces while engaged at their work at Mallow railway station.
18 Taken from their homes at midnight by auxiUary poUce and shot dead.
1' Arrested by EngUsh forces and brought to Dublin Castle, subsequently handed over to a police escort
to be left at their homes. Instead of bringing them to their homes the escort brought them to an empty
loot in Drumcondra and murdered them.
20 Taken from their father's home at 2 a. m. and shot dead by nolice.
21 Failing to obey an order to halt by English forces were firod upon and shot dead.
30 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.
1921.
Feb. 20. Aidan Donovan. ^^ aged 14, Blackwater, County Limerick.
20. Robert McElligott, Listowel, County Kerry, failed to respond to a call to
halt and was shot dead by English forces near Tralee, County Kerry.
22. Mary Harley, aged 26, Mountcharles, Coimty Donegal, found shot dead in
her uncle's yard after English forces had burned and wrecked many
houses in the town.
27. James Taylor, Glencor, Killorglin. County Kerry, shot dead by English
forces on making a dash for liberty after being arrested.
27. .Joseph Stapleton, Borrisoleigh, County Tipperary, died from wounds
received without provocation during a raid on his house by English forces.
27. William Kelly, Kickham Street, Thurles, County Tipperary. with a num-
ber of other youths ran on the approach of English forces and Avas shot
dead.
27. John Conlon, Lissycasey, County Clare, shot dead by English forces as he
was leaving church after mass.
27. P. Cronin, aged 18, Dingle district. County Kerry, deliberately shot dead
by military, who fired at him as he was assisting a friend to launch a boat.
28. Michael Heeney, Malinbeg, Glen Columbkille, County Donegal, shot dead
near his own house by military, who came to raid his house.
OFFICIAL MILITARY MURDERS.
During tliis period also the British Government, whose authority has been re-
pudiated by the people of Ireland, and which maintains its forc-es as an alien invading
army on "active service" on Irish soil, condemned to death and executed, in defiance
of the rules of civilized warfare, the following Irishmen for the ''crime" of levying
war against the British forces Avhich seek to destroy the national independence of their
country or for that of being in possession of firearms with which they might defend
the right of their coimtry to that national independence:
1920.
Nov. 1. Kevin Barry, aged 18, medical student, Dublin. Hanged in Mountjoy
jail. He was one of seven members of the Irish republican army armed
with revolvers, who attacked eight English soldiers warmed with rifles;
one of these soldiers was killed in the encounter and Kevin Barry was
hanged for "murder."
1921.
Feb. 1. Cornelius Murphy, Rathmore, County Kerry, shot in Cork jail for being in
possession of firearms.
28. John Allen, Bank Place, Tipperary, shot in Cork jail for being in possession-
of firearms.
28. Daniel O'Callaghan,^^ Dripsey, County Cork.
28. Thomas O'Brien, ^^ Dripsey, County Cork.
28. John Lyons, Aghabullogue, County Cork.
28. Timothy McCarthv,22 Fornaught, County Cork.
28. Patrick O'Mahony,^^ Berrings, County Cork.
Appendix E.
copy of leiter from president de valera to each member of the coalition in
the english house of common's, on february 12,1921.
To- , M. p.,
House of Commons, London:
Lest on a plea of ignorance you should disclaim responsibility for what is being
done here in your name, speaking for the elected representatives of the people of
Ireland. I now bring directly to your notice the following facts:
The troops in Ireland employecl by your Government are not only waging an unjust
war upon our people, but are carrying on that war in a manner contrary to all rules of
ciA-ilized warfare. In defiance of these rules your forces are guilty of:
1. The torturing of prisoners.
2. The assassination of men and boys in their homes, on the streets, and in prison^
21 Failing to obey an order to halt by English forces were fired upon and shot dead.
22 Shot in Cork jail for levying war against the British forces.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE. 31
3. The murdering of women, of cliildreu, and of clergymen.
4. The outraging of women and girls.
5. The flogging and maltreatment of groiips of civilians taken in the villages and
countryside.s.
6. The issuing and enforcing of " crawUng " and siich like humiliating and degrading
orders.
7. The taking of men from their work and forcing them to do military duty, or work
at military labor as slave gangs.
8. The burning and looting of factories, creameries, shops, and dwelling houses, thtj
destruction of farmsteads and farm produce, and the killing and maiming of live stock.
In order to help you realize the situation, it is necessary to restate this fact;
The Irish people are a free people. They acknowledge no right to dominion over
them on tlie part of the British executive, the British legislature, or the British people.
They are engaged in a lawful effort to defend a sacred right which you are invading.
Abandoning justice and reason, the only ground on which it is possible for civilized
peoples to come to an understanding, you are seeking to crush that lawful effort by a
blind barbaric violence.
Although you have put your troops on "active service" in Ireland, although you
have sought to justify many of the \Tle deeds committed as "acts of war," and although
you are armed with the most deadly modern machinery of war and i)rotected by every
means known to technical skill, you now seek to purchase immunity from defensive
action on our part by making the possession of firearms an offense for which Irishmen
may, if arrested, be shot, and for which one has been shot;^^ and by carrying Irish
citizens as "hostages" in your military expeditions against our people. The orders
to your troops are to shoot these hostages should the unit with which they are traveling
be attacked. Already, under the specious pretense that they were trying to escape,
many Irish prisoners have been brutally murdered by your troops. Now, representa-
tive Irish citizens are to be murdered similarly on the ground, pretended or true, that
the party with which they are moving is attacked .
These things are done because it is your will they should be done. If you willed
otherwise, they would cease.
It is you and not your troops who are primarily responsible.
Eamon de Valera.
February 12, 1921.
" Several other Irishmen have been shot for the possession of firearms since this letter was written.
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